What is Ketosis and Is it Dangerous?
by CYNTHIA PERKINS http://www.holistichelp.net/blog/what-is-ketosis-and-is-it-dangerous/
A concern that comes up for some people when they see the need for following a very low carb Paleo diet is whether ketosis, ketones or a ketogenic diets are dangerous. (The ketogenic diet is a high-fat, adequate-protein, low-carbohydrate diet that in medicine is used primarily to treat difficult-to-control (refractory) epilepsy in children. The diet forces the body to burn fats rather than carbohydrates.) Unfortunately, there is a great deal of misinformation and confusion on this topic that gets passed around and results in an unsubstantiated negative perception and needless fear. And there are articles that seem to know the BIG PICTURE, the true SCOOP.
https://www.charliefoundation.org/ketogenic-therapy/therapies-3/alzheimer-s
For the most part, CONFUSION EXISTS as many people (including a lot of doctors) do not understand the difference between ketosis and ketoacidosis. The two words are often mistaken for one another and most people just do not understand what ketones are or the role they play in the body. So let’s set the record straight.
Definition of Ketosis - Condition indicated by that horrid, METALLIC TASTE IN THE MOUTH. YOU ARE BURNING FAT and it tastes LOUSY.
HOW TO FIX? EASY! BRUSH TEETH ! THEN,
DRINK A HALF QUART OF WATER! GONE!
FASTING MAKES YOU SMART it turns out. http://www.townsendletter.com/Oct2017/ bookalzheimers1017.html Nourish your HUNGER and you get smarter as you get older. This ^ article explains how. Ever note how
hungry animals always find their PREY? They are way smarter than fat animals.This explains for the near dementia of our beloved PETS which are well fedbut which get STUPIDER the longer they are in humans' homes. Save a pet. THROW HIM OUT into the wild.
In this ARTICLE, an actual doctor tells us that to be starving hungry 12 hours out of every day(meaning KETOSIS) is a GOOD thing. You know ketosis as that taste in your mouth like a rusty iron hammerIt means you are eliminating fat molecules from the mouth so that they never GET to the brain!
THIS DIET will make you SKINNY AND SMART!An unwanted side effect is that GIRLS will GET PACKS OF MEN AFTER THEM AND NOT WANT a single one, not ONE BITThat feature of KETOSIS or deliberate world hunger can maybe replace birth control. And it's FREE.This can mean that the entire population will reduce by half every decade instead of doublingwhich it does now. By the time you finish reading this NEWSLETTER there will be 40 MILLION new babies born.HUNGRY ONES.
Downside, starving cave men considered mutt races by the ILLUMINATI will get the high IQ points.
Muslim sheepherders can fly complex JETS &take down 747's with a screwdriver.
I'd do it but this alzheimers cure requires you not eat after 6 pmThat's a club I ain't joinin'
Next time some starving beggar asks for a buck for a burger remindthem that KETOSIS WILL KEEP YOU BRAINY! Food will make you intoa slobbering bedridden client for diapers.THE EATING ACADEMY HAS THE ULTIMATE ARTICLE ON THIS, EASY TO UNDERSTAND: http://eatingacademy.com/nutrition/is-ketosis-dangerous
In The Primal Blueprint, Mark Sisson describes ketosis as “a natural, normal, part of human energy production and metabolism.” If you have ever fasted or skipped several meals in a row, you have been in ketosis. You are actually in a very mild state of ketosis when you wake in the morning after going without food overnight. Ketones are just one of the four types of fuel that your body can use for energy and a ketogenic diet is a diet that puts one in ketosis (typically less than 50 grams of carbs per day).
The human body evolved burning mostly fats for energy, and a small amount of glucose. However, we are capable of burning protein if we are low on glucose or glycogen (glucose that is stored in the liver and muscle). Protein can be converted into glucose by the liver, which is called gluco-neogenesis.
Most cells in the human body can burn either fat or glucose. However there are some that can run only on glucose which include “certain brains cells, red blood cells and kidney cells.” These cells would not function without glucose and we would perish.
It is estimated that approximately 150 to 200 grams of glucose are needed on a daily basis to keep those cells running. However, after a brief period of adaptation, research suggests that many of these cells (except red blood cells which must have a particular amount of glucose) can function just as well (if not better) on ketones, which significantly reduces your need for glucose.
UNDERGO THE BIG CHANGEOVER =After a few weeks of reducing carbs, and ultimately insulin production, and increasing the fat in your diet, your genes will receive the message that they should up-regulate the biochemical hardware needed to burn ketones effectively. This is called keto-adapted. At this point the body relies primarily on fat for energy instead of glucose, which is called fat-adapted. So to put it more simply, ketosis is a state where the body burns fat for energy instead of carbohydrates.
Our ancestors rarely had access to carbohydrates because they simply were not available like they are today. They were forced to go without them for weeks or even months at a time and existed primarily on protein and fat. Easy access to carbohydrates did not occur until the Agricultural Revolution. The body can only store a little bit of glucose in the form of glycogen, which gets used up very quickly.
Therefore, the circumstances demanded that we evolve a system that enabled the liver to take protein straight from our food or from the muscles and convert it into glucose if we were going to remain alive; this process is called gluco-neogenesis. This system enabled us to survive and thrive as a species during brief periods of starvation or when the only food source available was protein and fat. It also enabled us to develop bigger and smarter brains that brought us to the top of the food chain.
What are Ketones?
In order for the liver to convert protein into glucose, a source of energy is required, therefore it uses fatty acids (fat) for this process. When cells in the liver are engaged in gluconeogenesis, they are not capable of burning off the fats completely, which results in an “energy-rich byproduct” called ketones, which are simply a source of fuel that can be used by your cells instead of glucose. So eat carbs sugar? YOU LOSE ABILITY TO RUN YOUR MOTOR OFF FATS.
Additionally, if all your glycogen (stored glucose) is used up and you have no food coming in (such is the case when you are fasting), then the body will start burning fat that you have stored in the body for fuel, which will produce ketones and another component of fat called glycerol will be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis. So, in more simpler terms, ketones are a byproduct of fat metabolism.
Ketones can also be generated with the consumption of coconut fat, because coconut contains a particular type of fat called medium chain triglycerides, that is converted directly into beta-hydroxybutyrate (our primary ketone also known as Beta HBA) by the liver.
Astrocytes, a special type of cell in the brain (a primary class of glial cells, which are non-neuronal cells that support and assist neurons) can also produce ketone bodies with fatty acids and the amino acid leucine, when glucose is scarce as well. These particular ketones possess a powerful ability to protect the neuronal network, by increasing antioxidants and decreasing free radical production in the brain, increasing formation of new mitochondria and preventing cell death.
Unlike fat and glucose, ketones cannot be stored in fat cells; they just travel freely throughout the bloodstream where they may be easily obtained for energy by any cell that wants or needs them. The state of ketosis occurs when ketones that are in the blood stream accumulate to a level that is higher than what is being used up by the cells for energy, thus there is an elevated level.
If you have been consuming a diet that is moderate to high in carbohydrates, then your body is not capable of accessing those ketones for energy very efficiently, because your genes have down-regulated the biochemical pathways used in this process due to the presence of carbohydrates in the diet.
Ketones that are not used by the body are excreted in the urine, stool and breath. Until the body becomes keto-adapted, you may smell ketones on the breath, which smells something like nail polish remover or have increased levels of ketones in the urine. However, this is temporary, not a dangerous state and nothing to be alarmed about.
Once you reduce carbohydrates in your diet, then it will take a few weeks for your genes to be reprogrammed but KEEP UP as they WILL. And they WILL become capable of burning ketones for energy efficiently, thereby accumulating and excreting less and having less need for glucose. According to nutritional consultant Nora Gedgaudas, author of Primal Body Primal Mind, this process can take anywhere from three to six weeks, which varies from person to person. She suggests that the individual transitioning to a ketogenic diet should drink plenty of water to flush ketones out through the urine, which reduces ketone breath and that horrid metallic taste in your mouth. A dash of fresh lemon juice in your water can also help alkalize.
You can also reduce ketone breath or how quickly ketones elevate in the urine by transitioning onto on a ketogenic diet slowly. Instead of dropping down to 0 to 50 grams per day immediately, begin by reducing down to 100 to 150 grams a day, then after a week or two drop down to 50 to 100 grams. After a week or two then, drop down to 0 to 50. This allows your body time to adjust slowly until your genes start upregulating your hardware for burning ketones more effectively.
The Difference Between Ketoacidosis and Ketosis
Ketoacidosis, on the other hand, is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that primarily affects insulin dependent type 1 diabetics, (rarely late-stage insulin dependent type 2) but this is a completely different state than ketosis. In ketoacidosis, the levels of ketones are abnormally high and out of control due to the lack of insulin and the inability of the body to use glucose.
http://www.diabetesselfmanagement.com/managing-diabetes/blood-glucose-management/diabetic-ketoacidosis/
When insulin isn’t present, then glucose cannot be carried into the cell for energy. When the pancreas recognizes that there is no glucose getting into the cell, then it sends out the signal to convert protein into glucose, and consequently, ketones. However, since there is no insulin to deliver the glucose to the cell, the cell never receives any. So the pancreas just keeps sending the signal to make more and more ketones uncontrollably.
Ketones are acidic by nature and if they are in the blood stream in very high levels they can cause a profound imbalance in pH (a dangerous acidic state) that can result in coma and death. It isn’t really the ketones themselves that are dangerous, but the imbalance in pH that occurs. Alcoholic ketoacidosis can also occur in chronic long-term alcoholism due to dehydration impairing gluconeogenesis and causing an imbalance in pH.
Ketone levels in someone who is in ketosis is at a maximum of 8 mM, while ketone levels in someone with ketoacidosis is somewhere between 15 and 25 mM. Once you become keto-adapted, ketone levels will be more like .05 to 3.0 mM. Therefore, unless you are an active chronic alcoholic or have insulin dependent diabetes, ketosis is completely safe. (However, you should always consult with your physician prior to undertaking any changes in diet.)
Ketoacidosis will not occur by eating a ketogenic diet, because you have insulin to regulate the process and are restricting glucose. It just isn’t possible to enter a state of ketoacidosis, even if you are producing just a little insulin, because it won’t allow ketones to get out of hand. Nora Gedgaudas suggests that anyone with a renal disease or who is pregnant and not already keto-adapted may also need to avoid a ketogenic diet. She also reports that even people with type 1 diabetes have used the keto-genic diet successfully, but it should always be done with medical supervision.
Other Unnecessary Concerns About Ketosis
Some people are concerned that they will be missing out on nutrients if they eat a ketogenic diet, (less than 50 grams of carbs per day) but that is not the case. You can consume plenty of nutrient rich vegetables if you stay between 20 and 50 grams per day. Many of our ancestors not only survived, but thrived, quite nicely on 50 grams or less of carbs per day and the human body can still do so today. Actually, our ancestors spent a significant amount of time in ketosis, so your body will be comfortable there as well.
As a matter of fact, if given the choice, some of your cells like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and some brains cells, actually favor ketones over glucose. Once you become keto-adapted, the brain can function quite well by acquiring about “75 percent of its energy from ketones.” According to Dr. David Perlmutter, author of Grain Brain both the heart and brain run as much as 25 percent better on ketones than they do on glucose.
Ketosis typically occurs when carbohydrate consumption is between 0 and 50 grams per day. If you are eating between 50 and 100 grams of carbohydrates per day, you are not going to be in a state of ketosis, but your body will be burning more ketones than the person who eats mostly carbohydrates. You will be running on a combination of mostly fats and ketones, and a little bit of glucose, which is the preferred state of the human body since it is the way it evolved.
Whereas people who eat high to moderate levels of carbs run primarily on glucose. If you are consuming more than 100 grams of carbs per day, then ketone production is reduced and the body becomes less capable of burning them for energy since insulin and glucose both suppress ketones by giving your genes the message that it should down regulate the biochemical pathways to do so.
So, you see, your genes can easily switch back and forth between these energy producing systems or metabolic pathways depending on what types of food you are putting in your body. Eat less carbs and more fat and you’ll run on protein and fat. Eat lots of carbs and you’ll run on carbs. Without the ability to run on ketones, our species would have simply died off in the caveman days and we would not be having this discussion.
Other people are concerned that they will deplete muscle on a low-carb diet, but that only applies to dietary approaches that restrict calories, which is not the case on a low-carb ketogenic Paleo diet. As long as you are eating adequate protein and fat, there will be no loss of muscle. The protein in your diet (not your muscle) will be used for gluconeogenesis and lots of fat will be available to meet your daily requirements for energy.
Benefits of Ketosis and a Ketogenic Diet
There are many studies that suggest a low-carb, ketogenic diet is a safe and effective way for the obese or overweight to lose weight and reduce body fat, as well as reverse insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, free radical damage, LDL cholesterol and other damage inflicted by a high carbohydrate diet in anyone.
When in a state of ketosis, you will burn stored body fat for energy and convert protein into glucose, therefore this accelerates fat burning and becomes a catalyst for losing weight in a quick and fairly comfortable manner without losing muscle.
Occasionally someone may find that they are in ketosis but are not losing weight or may be gaining weight. It’s important to be aware that if one is eating more protein than their system can use for basic maintenance and repair, then excess protein will be converted into glucose by the liver through gluconeogenesis, which can interrupt your efforts to be in ketosis since insulin will be present. So even if you are eating carbs within the 0 to 50 range, if your protein intake is too high, then you may still run more on glucose which ends up getting stored as fat.
However, what is considered to be too much protein would vary from person to person, not a number that is set in stone. You can reduce your need for protein by eating more fat, which is an important component of eating a ketogenic diet anyhow. Not only do you reduce carbohydrates, but you should eat more fat. More fat consumption typically happens naturally, because you’ll find that once you start burning fat, you have an increased need to consume it, so you will just naturally gravitate towards more fat. I experienced this in my own life; after I was following a ketogenic diet for about seven or eight months and had burnt off most of my excess body fat, I began to be hungry for fat whenever meal time came around. My meals must now contain a substantial amount of fat or I don’t feel satiated. On the other hand, it is vital that you don’t go too low on protein or protein will be taken from the muscle for gluconeogenesis and muscle wasting would occur. For most people, there should be between four and eight ounces of protein per meal.
Furthermore, if you exercise too much or too strenuously, this prompts the liver to release its glycogen (stored glucose) into the bloodstream, and the inevitable arrival of insulin, which can also interfere in reaching or maintaining ketosis.
Additionally, a ketogenic diet is being used to successfully treat many psychiatric and neurological conditions like autism, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, depression, schizophrenia, OCD, ALS (Lou Gehrig’s Disease), and seizure disorders like epilepsy; as well as cardiovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, PCOS, migraines, diabetes and cancer. A ketogenic diet works for cancer, because it deprives cancer cells of glucose, one of its primary sources of fuel, and supports mitochondria.
To quote Dr. David Perlmutter, who was quoting Gary Taubes “ketosis is arguably not just a natural condition but even a particularly healthy one.”
A ketogenic diet activates a gene that produces a protein called brain-derived neurotrophic factor or BDNF. BDNF helps protect existing neurons, encourages connection between neurons, and creates new neurons. BDNF levels are low in Alzheimer’s patients and other neurological disorders like epilepsy, anorexia, depression, schizophrenia and OCD.
Again to quote Dr. David Perlmutter, “Beta HBA (the primary ketone body) is not just a fuel – but a super fuel more efficiently producing ATP for energy than glucose” and it protects neuronal cells against toxins associated with conditions like Alzheimer’s.
Furthermore, Perlmutter states a ketogenic diet also reduces amyloid in the brain (a protein that builds up in the arteries in the brain that is associated with Alzheimer’s and other related conditions involving cognitive decline), increases production of glutatione (a vital antioxidant for the brain), stimulates mitochondrial growth and increases metabolic efficiency.
In one study of Parkinson’s patients, they experienced symptom improvement that was comparable to drugs and surgery after being on a ketogenic diet for less than a month. Coconut oil is also being used very successfully for improving cognitive function in Alzheimer’s patient due to its high level of MCT (medium chain triglycerides) that are rapidly converted into beta-hydroxybutyrate.
In Primal Body Primal Mind, Nora Gedgaudas explains that a ketogenic diet was the primary method of treatment for epilepsy prior to the appearance of the drug Dilantin in 1938. Furthermore, Nora states that ketones are a “far less damaging source of energy, far more stabilizing, and less excitatory” than glucose and recent research suggests that “the more you use ketones for energy in your lifetime as opposed to glucose the longer and healthier you will live.” Like many others, she also reinforces the point that a ketogenic diet improves performance of mitochondria (what produces energy), and increases energy levels. Nora also quotes Gary Taubes who is quoting Dr. Richard Veech, a researcher at the United States National Institutes of Health, stating that he would argue that ketosis is the “normal state of man.”
As a matter of fact, we all begin our life in a state of mild ketosis if we are breastfed as nature intended us to be, because as newborns we are supposed to be relying on mother’s milk for our diet, which is rich in fat and ketogenic. The human body does not run on carbohydrates unless carbohydrates are introduced into the diet.
Furthermore Nora explains “ketones are a steady, long-burning, efficient fuel that we were designed to use as our primary source of fuel for most things (except in an emergency), which is when glucose gets released as a turbocharged supplemental source of energy.” But, “we always pay a price for the use of glucose as an energy source, even in low amounts.”
Emily Dean, evolutionary psychiatrist, explains that one of the reasons the ketogenic diet may be so effective with epilepsy is because (for unknown reasons) it encourages the conversion of glutamate into GABA rather than aspartate. Glutamate is our primary excitatory neurotransmitter that is very important for stimulating brain cells in order to think, talk, learn new information and other tasks, but when it is in excess it is considered an excitotoxin because it results in excessive brain stimulation, cell death, brain injury, and in the most extreme cases it may result in seizures. GABA is our primary calming inhibitory neurotransmitter. GABA and glutamate are supposed to keep each other in balance, but sometimes glutamate gets out of hand due to factors like diet, toxins, nutritional imbalances, microbes or a genetic mutation. Glutamate may be converted into GABA or aspartate. Aspartate is also an excitatory neurotransmitter which can have a similar excitotoxin affect on the brain when in excess. People with epilepsy who respond best to a ketogenic diet are found to have higher levels of GABA in the central nervous system, thus suggesting that being in ketosis maintains balance between GABA, glutamate and aspartate. According to Dean, “lower glucose is associated with a higher seizure threshold and less neuronal excitability.”
In Autism: Pathways for Recovery, Dr. Amy Yasko explains that glutatmate incites the release of insulin, which means insulin then decreases blood glucose. However, glucose is needed to moderate glutamate at the synapses, so when insulin brings it crashing down, glutamate levels will then increase even more. So this may explain why less glucose is correlated with less seizures and one of the reasons a ketogenic diet favors GABA production.
Dean and others claim that ketones leave a lot less garbage in the mitochondria than glucose when burned, which means it is more efficient for cells to make energy from ketones than it is from glucose. If our energy supply is more efficient then it enables our brain to prevent excess glutamate and increase GABA.
This means that other symptoms and conditions that are associated with excess glutamate like anxiety, panic disorders, insomnia, restless leg syndrome, OCD, attention deficit, hyperactivity, slurred speech, nervousness, ALS, fibromyalgia, depression, chronic pain syndromes, chronic migraines, aggressive behavior, autism and self stimulatory behaviors like rocking, pacing, spinning, hand-flapping or other repetitive body movements or movement of objects, may also benefit from a ketogenic diet for the same reasons.
In my opinion, a ketogenic diet (or close to it) is the best way to address sugar and carb addiction, compulsive overeating, candida overgrowth or other microbes, adrenal fatigue, alcohol and drug addiction, anxiety disorders, depression and other mental health issues or autonomic nervous system disorders. Carbohydrates fuel each of these conditions by disrupting or overstimulating the endocrine system and/or the brain. Not only will you overcome cravings for sugar, carbs, caffeine, and other addictive substances and have more emotional stability, but you’ll also reduce your risk of all diet related conditions, like heart disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, etc., simultaneously.
In Summary
It’s important to keep in mind that the reason that a state of ketosis is effective for so many disorders, is because it reverses the damage that is inflicted on the brain and the body by the consumption of sugar, carbs, grains, legumes, refined and processed foods, etc. Therefore, the ketogenic diet can be used to help prevent these conditions just as well as improving them, by keeping the damage from occurring in the first place. If more people were eating a low-carb Paleo diet, we could significantly reduce the incidence of all these conditions. So if you are a carbaholic with advanced munchies, whippin' down pizza, sugar, ice cream, and Hillbilly Heroin (Mountain Dew) go off entirely. A baked potato occasionally will help you lose carb-cravings.
Please be aware that being on a Paleolithic diet does not mean you have to eat a ketogenic diet or be in ketosis, it all depends on how many carbohydrates you choose to consume and the goals you are trying to achieve. A Paleo diet generally should not be above 100 or 150 grams of carbs per day, (all of which should be derived primarily from low-starch vegetables and to a lesser extent from fruits and nuts.) So, as long as you are eating Paleo approved foods and falling somewhere in that guideline, then that is considered Paleo. You could essentially eat a high carb diet by eating lots of fruits and yams and still technically be within Paleo guidelines, but of course that would defeat one of the primary purposes and some goals cannot be achieved with that much carbohydrate consumption.
However, it is my opinion that 100 to 150 grams of carbs per day is too much for most people and that the average bear is much better off staying between 50 and 100 grams, with many conditions responding best to somewhere between 20 and 50 grams (in ketosis) or just slightly above around 60 or 70 grams.
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References (MUCH OF THIS CAN BE GOOGLED ONLINE)
A Paoli, A Rubini1, J S Volek and K A Grimaldi. Beyond weight loss: a review of the therapeutic uses of very low carbohydrate (ketogenic) diets. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2013) 67, 789796; doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.116; published online 26 June 2013 http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/v67/n8/full/ejcn2013116a.html
Peter Attia, M.D. Is Ketosis Dangerous? The Eating Academy. http://eatingacademy.com/nutrition/is-ketosis-dangerous
Ketone body synthesis in the brain: possible neuroprotective effects.
http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/elsevier/ketone-body-synthesis-in-the-brain-possible-neuroprotective-effects-LG0PMTnrk0
Emily Dean, M.D. Your Brain on Ketones.
http://evolutionarypsychiatry.blogspot.com/2010/08/your-brain-on-ketones.html
Dr.David Perlmutter, Brain Grain: The Surprising Truth About Wheat, Carbs, and Sugar – Your Brain’s Silent Killers. Little, Brown and Company; 1st edition 2013.
Sisson, Mark, The Primal Blueprint, Paperback. Primal Nutrition, Inc.; 2 edition 2009, 2012
Nora T. Gedgaudas, Primal Body Primal Mind: Beyond the Paleo Diet for Total Health and a Longer Life. Healing Arts Press 2011.
Dr. Amy Yasko, Autsim: Pathways to Recovery. Neurological Research Institute, LLC 2004, 2007, 2009
QUESTION: I know I ask a lot of questions and you are all probably burnt out as I am too but I do try to find answers before I come here so I don't have to always ask you guys. I am wondering though that since the ketostix say I am in the pink again why am I so hungry like almost starving all day like I've not eaten in hours and where is this wonderful energy I keep hearing about, I have no more energy now then I did before? I don't know what I am doing wrong. I know that I am in the pink still on the stix so I must be doing something right, right? Today I even went to McDonalds and ordered two plain double hamburgers and a side salad with ranch dressing and I ate all 4 pieces of meat and all the dressing and an hour later felt hungry again, it was almost like I ate air and nothing else, so yeah i'm a bit confused. Can anyone shed some light on this for me please??? I don't think I can cut anymore carbs because i'm barely eating as it is. Today I had some pea salad with real mayo and I even put HWC in it to make it stronger. I think that that was the only carb I had all day. I've not had bread in 5 days now or is it 6 but oddly enough I don't even miss it, so if anyone can shed light on why i'm so hungry and no energy please do cause I just don't get it.
ANSWER: I'm new at this also but when I first started low carb I was also not full all of the time. I started keeping track of everything I ate including carbs, fat and protein. I was keeping my carbs at 20 or less a day but my protein was making up half of the rest. After adjusting my diet to increase the fat and reduce the protein I am now not hungry at all between meals. I don't even often want a snack in between. One of the things about ketosis is that you also need to keep the protein lower too. It takes some planning but it is not that hard to do. Excess protein is also turned to glucose.
I used https://www.ruled.me/keto-calculator/ to come up with my ratios. Hope that helps some.
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