Questions and Answers about the 100%
FAKE Internal Revenue Service
HALF
OUR INCOME TO GOV FOR WARS, GENOCIDE, PIRACY
Answer: No. The IRS is not an organization
within the United States Department of the Treasury. The U.S.
Department of
the Treasury was organized by statutes now codified in Title
31 of the United States Code, abbreviated '31 U.S.C.' The
only mention of the IRS anywhere in 31 U.S.C. 301-310 is an
authorization for the President to appoint an Assistant
General Counsel in the U.S. Department of the Treasury to be
the Chief Counsel for the IRS. See 31 U.S.C. 301(f)(2).
At footnote 23 in the case of Chrysler
Corp. v. Brown, 441 U.S. 281 (1979), the U.S. Supreme Court
admitted that no
organic Act for the IRS could be found, after they searched
for such an Act all the way back to the Civil War, which ended
in the year 1865 A.D. The Guarantee Clause in the U.S.
Constitution guarantees the Rule of Law to all Americans (we
are to
be governed by Law and not by arbitrary bureaucrats). See
Article IV, Section 4. Since there was no organic Act creating
it,
IRS is not a lawful organization.
2.If not an organization within the U.S. Department of the Treasury, then what exactly is the IRS?
Answer: The IRS appears to be a collection
agency working for foreign banks and operating out of Puerto
Rico under color
of the Federal Alcohol Administration ('FAA'). But the
FAA was promptly declared unconstitutional inside the 50
States by
the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of U.S. v.
Constantine, 296 U.S. 287 (1935), because Prohibition had
already been
repealed.
In 1998, the United States Court of Appeals
for the First Circuit identified a second 'Secretary of the
Treasury' as a man by
the name of Manual Diaz-Saldana. See the definitions of
'Secretary' and 'Secretary or his delegate' at 27 CFR 26.11
(formerly 27 CFR 250.11), and the published decision in Used
Tire International, Inc. v. Manual DĂaz-Saldaña, court
docket #
97-2348, September 11, 1998. Both definitions mention
Puerto Rico.
When all the evidence is examined
objectively, IRS appears to be a money laundry, extortion
racket, and conspiracy to
engage in a pattern of racketeering activity, in violation of
18 U.S.C. 1951 and 1961 et seq. ('RICO'). Think of Puerto
RICO (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act); in
other words, it is an organized crime syndicate operating
under false and fraudulent pretenses. See also the Sherman Act
and the Lanham Act.
1.By what legal authority, if any, has the IRS established offices inside the 50 States of the Union?
Answer: After much diligent research,
several investigators have concluded that there is no known
Act of Congress, nor any
Executive Order, giving IRS lawful jurisdiction to operate
within any of the 50 States of the Union.
Their presence within the 50 States appears
to stem from certain Agreements on Coordination of Tax
Administration ('ACTA' ),
which officials in those States have consummated with
the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. A template for ACTA
agreements
can be found at the IRS Internet website and in the Supreme
Law Library on the Internet.
However, those ACTA agreements are
demonstrably fraudulent, for example, by expressly defining
'IRS' as a lawful bureau
within the U.S. Department of the Treasury. (See Answer to
Question 1 above.) Moreover, those ACTA agreements also
appear to violate State laws requiring competitive bidding
before such a service contract can be awarded by a State
government to any subcontractor. There is no evidence to
indicate that ACTA agreements were reached after competitive
bidding processes; on the contrary, the IRS is adamant about
maintaining a monopoly syndicate.
2.Can IRS legally show 'Department of the Treasury' on their outgoing mail?
Answer: No. It is obvious that such
deceptive nomenclature is intended to convey the false
impression that IRS is a lawful
bureau or department within the U.S. Department of the
Treasury. Federal laws prohibit the use of United States Mail
for
fraudulent purposes. Every piece of U.S. Mail sent from IRS
with 'Department of the Treasury' in the return address, is
one
count of mail fraud. See also 31 U.S.C. 333.
3.Does the U.S. Department of Justice have power of attorney to represent the IRS in federal court?
Answer: No. Although the U.S. Department of
Justice ('DOJ') does have power of attorney to represent
federal agencies
before federal courts, the IRS is not an 'agency' as that term
is legally defined in the Freedom of Information Act or in the
Administrative Procedures Act. The governments of all federal
Territories are expressly excluded from the definition of
federal 'agency' by Act of Congress. See 5 U.S.C. 551(1)(C).
Since IRS is domiciled in Puerto Rico
(RICO?), it is thereby excluded from the definition of federal
agencies, which can be
represented by the DOJ. The IRS Chief Counsel appointed by the
President under authority of 31 U.S.C. 301(f)(2), can
appear, or appoint a delegate to appear in federal court on
behalf of IRS and IRS employees. Again, see the Answer to
Question 1 above. As far as powers of attorney are concerned,
the chain of command begins with Congress, flows to the
President, and then to the IRS Chief Counsel, and NOT to the
U.S. Department of Justice.
4.Were the so-called 14th and 16th amendments properly ratified?
Answer: No. Neither was properly ratified.
In the case of People v. Boxer (December 1992), docket number
#S-030016,
U.S. Senator Barbara Boxer fell totally silent in the face of
an Application to the California Supreme Court by the People
of
California, for an ORDER compelling Senator Boxer to witness
the material evidence against the so-called 16th amendment.
That so-called 'amendment' allegedly
authorized federal income taxation, even though it contains no
provision expressly
repealing two Constitutional Clauses mandating that direct
taxes must be apportioned. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals
and the U.S. Supreme Court have both ruled that repeals by
implication are not favored. See Crawford Fitting Co. et al.
v.
J.T. Gibbons, Inc., 482 U.S. 437, 442 (1987).
The material evidence in question was
summarized in AFFIDAVITs that were properly executed and filed
in that case.
Boxer fell totally silent, thus rendering those affidavits the
'truth of the case.' The so-called 16th amendment has now been
correctly identified as a major fraud upon the American People
and the United States. Major fraud against the United States
is a serious federal offense. See 18 U.S.C. 1031.
Similarly, the so-called 14th amendment was
never properly ratified either. In the case of Dyett v.
Turner, 439 P.2d 266,
270 (1968), the Utah Supreme Court recited numerous historical
facts proving, beyond any shadow of a doubt, that the
so-called 14th amendment was likewise a major fraud upon the
American People.
Those facts, in many cases, were Acts of
the several State Legislatures voting for or against that
proposal to amend the U.S.
Constitution. The Supreme Law Library has a collection of
references detailing this major fraud.
The U.S. Constitution requires that
constitutional amendments be ratified by three-fourths of the
several States. As such, their
Acts are governed by the Full Faith and Credit Clause in the
U.S. Constitution. See Article IV, Section 1.
Judging by the sheer amount of litigation
its various sections have generated, particularly Section 1,
the so-called 14th
amendment is one of the worst pieces of legislation ever
written in American history. The phrase 'subject to the
jurisdiction of
the United States' is properly understood to mean 'subject to
the municipal jurisdiction of Congress.' (See Answer to
Question 19 below.)
For this one reason alone, the
Congressional Resolution proposing the so-called 14th
amendment is provably vague and
therefore unconstitutional. See 14 Stat. 358-359, Joint
Resolution No. 48, June 16, 1866.
5.Where are the statutes that create a specific liability for federal income taxes?
Answer: Section 1 of the Internal Revenue
Code ('IRC') contains no provisions creating a specific
liability for taxes imposed
by subtitle A. Aside from the statutes which apply only to
federal government employees, pursuant to the Public Salary
Tax
Act, the only other statutes that create a specific liability
for federal income taxes are those itemized in the definition
of
'Withholding agent' at IRC section 7701(a)(16). For example,
see IRC section 1461. A separate liability statute for
'employment' taxes imposed by subtitle C is found at IRC
section 3403.
After a worker authorizes a payroll officer
to withhold taxes, typically by completing Form W-4, the
payroll officer then
becomes a withholding agent who is legally and specifically
liable for payment of all taxes withheld from that worker’s
paycheck. Until such time as those taxes are paid in full into
the Treasury of the United States, the withholding agent is
the
only party who is legally liable for those taxes, not the
worker. See IRC section 7809 ('Treasury of the United
States').
If the worker opts instead to complete a
Withholding Exemption Certificate, consistent with IRC section
3402(n), the payroll
officer is not thereby authorized to withhold any federal
income taxes. In this latter situation, there is absolutely no
liability for
the worker or for the payroll officer; in other words, there
is no liability PERIOD, specifically because there is no
withholding
agent.
6.Can a federal regulation create a specific liability, when no specific liability is created by the corresponding statute?
Answer: No. The U.S. Constitution vests all
legislative power in the Congress of the United States. See
Article I, Section 1.
The Executive Branch of the federal government has no
legislative power whatsoever. This means that agencies of the
Executive Branch, and also the federal Courts in the Judicial
Branch, are prohibited from making law.
If an Act of Congress fails to create a
specific liability for any tax imposed by that Act, then there
is no liability for that tax.
Executive agencies have no authority to cure any such omission
by using regulations to create a liability.
'[A]n administrative agency may not create
a criminal offense or any liability not sanctioned by the
lawmaking
authority, especially a liability for a tax or inspection
fee.' See Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Acker, 361 U.S.
87, 4 L.Ed.2d 127, 80 S.Ct. 144 (1959), and Independent
Petroleum Corp. v. Fly, 141 F.2d 189 (5th Cir. 1944) as cited
at 2 Am Jur 2d, p. 129, footnote 2 (1962 edition) [bold
emphasis added]. However, this cite from American
Jurisprudence
has been removed from the 1994 edition of that legal
encyclopedia.
7.The federal regulations create an income tax liability for what specific classes of people?
Answer: The regulations at 26 CFR 1.1-1
attempted to create a specific liability for all 'citizens of
the United States' and all
'residents of the United States'. However, those regulations
correspond to IRC section 1, which does not create a specific
liability for taxes imposed by subtitle A.
Therefore, these regulations are an overly
broad extension of the underlying statutory authority; as
such, they are
unconstitutional, null and void ab initio (from the beginning,
in Latin). The Acker case cited above held that federal
regulations can not exceed the underlying statutory authority.
(See Answer to Question 8 above.)
8.How many classes of citizens are there, and how did this number come to be?
Answer: There are two (2) classes of
citizens: State Citizens and federal citizens. The first class
originates in the Qualifications
Clauses in the U.S. Constitution, where the term 'Citizen of
the United States' is used. (See 1:2:2, 1:3:3 and 2:1:5.)
Notice the UPPER-CASE 'C' in 'Citizen'.
The pertinent court cases have defined the
term 'United States' in these Clauses to mean 'States United',
and the full term
means 'Citizen of ONE OF the States United'. See People v. De
La Guerra, 40 Cal. 311, 337 (1870); Judge Pablo De La
Guerra signed the California Constitution of 1849, when
California first joined the Union. Similar terms are found in
the
Diversity Clause at Article III, Section 2, Clause 1, and in
the Privileges and Immunities Clause at Article IV, Section 2,
Clause 1. Prior to the Civil War, there was only one (1) class
of Citizens under American Law. See the holding in Pannill v.
Roanoke, 252 F. 910, 914-915 (191, for definitive authority on
this key point.
The second class originates in the 1866
Civil Rights Act, where the term 'citizen of the United
States' is used. This Act was
later codified at 42 U.S.C. 1983. Notice the lower-case 'c' in
'citizen'. The pertinent court cases have held that Congress
thereby created a municipal franchise primarily for members of
the Negro race, who were freed by President Lincoln’s
Emancipation Proclamation (a war measure), and later by the
Thirteenth Amendment banning slavery and involuntary
servitude. Compelling payment of a 'tax' for which there is no
liability statute is tantamount to involuntary servitude, and
extortion.
Instead of using the unique term 'federal
citizen', as found in Blacks Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition, it
is now clear that the
Radical Republicans who sponsored the 1866 Civil Rights Act
were attempting to confuse these two classes of citizens.
Then, they attempted to elevate this second class to
constitutional status, by proposing a 14th amendment to the
U.S.
Constitution. As we now know, that proposal was never
ratified. (See Answer to Question 6 above.)
Numerous court cases have struggled to
clarify the important differences between the two classes. One
of the most definitive,
and dispositive cases, is Pannill v. Roanoke, 252 F. 910,
914-915 (191, which clearly held that federal citizens had no
standing to sue under the Diversity Clause, because they were
not even contemplated when Article III in the U.S.
Constitution was first being drafted, circa 1787 A.D.
Another is Ex parte Knowles, 5 Cal. 300
(1855) in which the California Supreme Court ruled that there
was no such thing
as a 'citizen of the United States' (as of the year 1855
A.D.). Only federal citizens have standing to invoke 42 U.S.C.
1983;
whereas State Citizens do not. See Wadleigh v. Newhall, 136 F.
941 (C.C. Cal. 1905).
Many more cases can be cited to confirm the
existence of two classes of citizens under American Law. These
cases are
thoroughly documented in the book entitled 'The Federal Zone:
Cracking the Code of Internal Revenue' by Paul Andrew
Mitchell, B.A., M.S., now in its eleventh edition. See also
the pleadings in the case of USA v. Gilbertson, also in the
Supreme Law Library.
9.Can one be a State Citizen, without also being a federal citizen?
Answer: Yes. The 1866 Civil Rights Act was
municipal law, confined to the District of Columbia and other
limited areas
where Congress is the 'state' government with exclusive
legislative jurisdiction there. These areas are now identified
as 'the
federal zone.' (Think of it as the blue field on the American
flag; the stars on the flag are the 50 States.) As such, the
1866
Civil Rights Act had no effect whatsoever upon the lawful
status of State Citizens, then or now.
Several courts have already recognized our
Right to be State Citizens without also becoming federal
citizens. For excellent
examples, see State v. Fowler, 41 La. Ann. 380, 6 S. 602
(1889) and Gardina v. Board of Registrars, 160 Ala. 155, 48 S.
788, 791 (1909). The Maine Supreme Court also clarified the
issue by explaining our 'Right of Election' or 'freedom of
choice,' namely, our freedom to choose between two different
forms of government. See 44 Maine 518 (1859), Hathaway,
J. dissenting.
Since the Guarantee Clause does not require
the federal government to guarantee a Republican Form of
Government to the
federal zone, Congress is free to create a different form of
government there, and so it has. In his dissenting opinion in
Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244 at 380 (1901), Supreme Court
Justice Harlan called it an absolute legislative democracy.
But, State Citizens are under no legal
obligation to join or pledge any allegiance to that
legislative democracy; their allegiance
is to one or more of the several States of the Union (i.e. the
white stars on the American flag, not the blue field).
10.Who was Frank Brushaber, and why was his U.S. Supreme Court case so important?
Answer: Frank Brushaber was the Plaintiff
in the case of Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Company,
240 U.S. 1 (1916),
the first U.S. Supreme Court case to consider the so-called
16th amendment. Brushaber identified himself as a Citizen of
New York State and a resident of the Borough of Brooklyn, in
the city of New York, and nobody challenged that claim.
The Union Pacific Railroad Company was a
federal corporation created by Act of Congress to build a
railroad through Utah
(from the Union to the Pacific), at a time when Utah was a
federal Territory, i.e. inside the federal zone.
Brushaber’s attorney committed an error
by arguing that the company had been chartered by the State of
Utah, but Utah was
not a State of the Union when Congress first created that
corporation.
Brushaber had purchased stock issued by the
company. He then sued the company to recover taxes that
Congress had
imposed upon the dividends paid to its stockholders. The U.S.
Supreme Court ruled against Frank Brushaber, and upheld
the tax as a lawful excise, or indirect tax.
The most interesting result of the Court's
ruling was a Treasury Decision ('T.D.') that the U.S.
Department of the Treasury
later issued as a direct consequence of the high Court's
opinion. In T.D. 2313, the U.S. Treasury Department expressly
cited
the Brushaber decision, and it identified Frank Brushaber as a
'nonresident alien' and the Union Pacific Railroad Company
s a 'domestic corporation'. This Treasury Decision has never
been modified or repealed.
T.D. 2313 is crucial evidence proving that
the income tax provisions of the IRC are municipal law, with
no territorial
jurisdiction inside the 50 States of the Union. The U.S.
Secretary of the Treasury who approved T.D. 2313 had no
authority
to extend the holding in the Brushaber case to anyone or
anything not a proper Party to that court action.
Thus, there is no escaping the conclusion
that Frank Brushaber was the nonresident alien to which that
Treasury Decision
refers. Accordingly, all State Citizens are nonresident aliens
with respect to the municipal jurisdiction of Congress, i.e.
the
federal zone.
11.What is a 'Withholding agent'?
Answer: (See Answer to Question 7 first.)
The term 'Withholding agent' is legally defined at IRC section
7701(a)(16). It is
further defined by the statutes itemized in that section, e.g.
IRC 1461 where liability for funds withheld is clearly
assigned. In
plain English, a 'withholding agent' is a person who is
responsible for withholding taxes from a worker’s paycheck,
and then
paying those taxes into the Treasury of the United States,
typically on a quarterly basis. See IRC section 7809.
One cannot become a withholding agent
unless workers first authorize taxes to be withheld from their
paychecks. This
authorization is typically done when workers opt to execute a
valid W-4 'Employee’s Withholding Allowance Certificate.'
In plain English, by signing a W-4 workers designate
themselves as 'employees' and certify they are allowing
withholding
to occur.
If workers do not execute a valid W-4 form,
a company’s payroll officer is not authorized to withhold
any federal income
taxes from their paychecks. In other words, the payroll
officer does not have 'permission' or 'power of attorney' to
withhold
taxes, until and unless workers authorize or 'allow' that
withholding -- by signing Form W-4 knowingly, intentionally
and
voluntarily.
Pay particular attention to the term
'Employee' in the title of this form. A properly executed Form
W-4 creates the
presumption that the workers wish to be treated as if they
were 'employees' of the federal government. Obviously, for
people who do not work for the federal government, such a
presumption is a legal fiction, at best.
12.What is a 'Withholding Exemption Certificate'?
Answer: A 'Withholding Exemption
Certificate' is an alternative to Form W-4, authorized by IRC
section 3402(n) and
executed in lieu of Form W-4. Although section 3402(n) does
authorize this Certificate, the IRS has never added a
corresponding form to its forms catalog (see the IRS 'Printed
Products Catalog').
In the absence of an official IRS form,
workers can use the language of section 3402(n) to create
their own Certificates. In
simple language, the worker certifies that s/he had no federal
income tax liability last year, and anticipates no federal
income
tax liability during the current calendar year. Because there
are no liability statutes for workers in the private sector,
this
certification is easy to justify.
Many public and private institutions have
created their own form for the Withholding Exemption
Certificate, e.g. California
Franchise Tax Board, and Johns Hopkins University in
Baltimore, Maryland. This fact can be confirmed by using any
search
engine, e.g. google.com, to locate occurrences of the term
'withholding exemption certificate' on the Internet. This term
occurs several times in IRC section 3402.
13.What is 'tax evasion' and who might be guilty of this crime?
Answer: 'Tax evasion' is the crime of
evading a lawful tax. In the context of federal income taxes,
this crime can only be
committed by persons who have a legal liability to pay, i.e.
the withholding agent. If one is not employed by the federal
government, one is not subject to the Public Salary Tax Act
unless one chooses to be treated 'as if' one is a federal
government 'employee.' This is typically done by executing a
valid Form W-4.
However, as discussed above, Form W-4 is
not mandatory for workers who are not 'employed' by the
federal
government. Corporations chartered by the 50 States of the
Union are technically 'foreign' corporations with respect to
the
IRC; they are decidedly not the federal government, and should
not be regarded 'as if' they are the federal government,
particularly when they were never created by any Act of
Congress.
Moreover, the Indiana Supreme Court has
ruled that Congress can only create a corporation in its
capacity as the Legislature
for the federal zone. Such corporations are the only
'domestic' corporations under the pertinent federal laws. This
writer’s
essay entitled 'A Cogent Summary of Federal Jurisdictions'
clarifies this important distinction between 'foreign' and
'domestic' corporations in simple, straightforward language.
If Congress were authorized to create
national corporations, such a questionable authority would
invade States’ rights
reserved to them by the Tenth Amendment, namely, the right to
charter their own domestic corporations. The repeal of
Prohibition left the Tenth Amendment unqualified. See the
Constantine case supra.
For purposes of the IRC, the term
'employer' refers only to federal government agencies, and an
'employee' is a person
who works for such an 'employer'.
14.Why does IRS Form 1040 not require a Notary Public to notarize a taxpayer's signature?
Answer: This question is one of the fastest
ways to unravel the fraudulent nature of federal income taxes.
At 28 U.S.C.
section 1746, Congress authorized written verifications to be
executed under penalty of perjury without the need for a
Notary Public, i.e. to witness one's signature.
This statute identifies two different
formats for such written verifications: (1) those executed
outside the 'United States' and
(2) those executed inside the 'United States'. These two
formats correspond to sections 1746(1) and 1746(2),
respectively.
What is extremely revealing in this statute
is the format for verifications executed 'outside the United
States'. In this latter
format, the statute adds the qualifying phrase 'under the laws
of the United States of America'.
Clearly, the terms 'United States' and
'United States of America' are both used in this same statute.
They are not one
and the same. The former refers to the federal government --
in the U.S. Constitution and throughout most federal statutes.
The latter refers to the 50 States that are united by, and
under, the U.S. Constitution. 28 U.S.C. 1746 is the only
federal
statute in all of Title 28 of the United States Code that
utilizes the term 'United States of America', as such.
It is painfully if not immediately obvious,
then, that verifications made under penalty of perjury are
outside the 'United
States' (read 'the federal zone') if and when they are
executed inside the 50 States of the Union (read 'the State
zone').
Likewise, verifications made under penalty
of perjury are outside the 50 States of the Union, if and when
they are executed
inside the 'United States'.
The format for signatures on Form 1040 is
the one for verifications made inside the United States
(federal zone) and
outside the United States of America (State zone).
15.Does the term 'United States' have multiple legal meanings and, if so, what are they?
Answer: Yes. The term has several meanings.
The term "United States" may be used in any one of several
senses. [1] It may
be merely the name of a sovereign occupying the position
analogous to that of other sovereigns in the family of
nations. [2] It
may designate the territory over which the sovereignty of the
United States extends, or [3]it may be the collective
name of the States which are united by and under the
Constitution. See Hooven & Allison Co. v. Evatt, 324 U.S.
652
(1945) [bold emphasis, brackets and numbers added for
clarity].
This is the very same definition that is
found in Black's Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition. The second of
these three meanings
refers to the federal zone and to Congress only when it is
legislating in its municipal capacity. For example, Congress
is
legislating in its municipal capacity whenever it creates a
federal corporation, like the United States Postal Service.
It is terribly revealing of the manifold
frauds discussed in these Answers, that the definition of
'United States' has now been removed
from the Seventh Edition of Black's Law Dictionary.
16.Is the term 'income' defined in the IRC and, if not, where is it defined?
Answer: The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals
has already ruled that the term 'income' is not defined
anywhere in the IRC:
'The general term income'
is not defined in the Internal Revenue Code.' U.S. v. Ballard,
535 F.2d 400, 404 (8th Circuit,
1976).
Moreover, in Mark Eisner v. Myrtle H.
Macomber, 252 U.S. 189 (1920), the high Court told Congress it
could not legislate
any definition of 'income' because that term was believed to
be in the U.S. Constitution. The Eisner case was predicated on
the ratification of the 16th amendment, which would have
introduced the term 'income' into the U.S. Constitution for
the very
first time (but only if that amendment had been properly
ratified).
In Merchant's Loan & Trust Co. v.
Smietanka, 255 U.S. 509 (1921), the high Court defined
'income' to mean the profit or
gain derived from corporate activities. In that instance, the
tax is a lawful excise tax imposed upon the corporate
privilege of
limited liability, i.e. the liabilities of a corporation do
not reach its officers, employees, directors or stockholders.
17.What is municipal law, and are the IRC's income tax provisions municipal law, or not?
Answer: Yes. The IRC's income tax
provisions are municipal law. Municipal law is law that is
enacted to govern the internal
affairs of a sovereign State; in legal circles, it is also
known as Private International Law. Under American Law, it has
a much
wider meaning than the ordinances enacted by the governing
body of a municipality, i.e. city council or county board of
supervisors. In fact, American legal encyclopedias define
'municipal' to mean 'internal', and for this reason alone, the
Internal Revenue Code is really a Municipal Revenue Code.
A mountain of additional evidence has now
been assembled and published in the book 'The Federal Zone' to
prove that the
IRC's income tax provisions are municipal law.
One of the most famous pieces of evidence
is a letter from a Connecticut Congresswoman, summarizing the
advice of legal
experts employed by the Congressional Research Service and the
Legislative Counsel. Their advice confirmed that the
meaning of 'State' at IRC section 3121(e) is restricted to the
named territories and possessions of D.C., Guam, Virgin
Islands, American Samoa, and Puerto Rico.
In other words, the term 'State' in that
statute, and in all similar federal statutes, includes ONLY
the places expressly named,
and no more. http://www.supremelaw.org/sls/31answers.htm
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